HAITI

General: Governed by the 1987 Constitution of Haiti (as amended, notably by the disputed 2012 constitutional amendment process) and related decree-laws (e.g., the Decree Law of November 6, 1984). Article 11 governs citizenship "of origin"; Articles 12–14 govern naturalization and loss.

• By Birth: Haiti follows a modified jus sanguinis system rather than pure jus soli — birth on Haitian soil alone does not automatically confer citizenship. A person is Haitian at birth ("Nationalité Haïtienne d'origine") if born to a Haitian father or Haitian mother who were themselves Haitian by origin and have not renounced their nationality.

• By Descent: As above — nationality passes through a Haitian parent (father or mother) regardless of the child's place of birth; this is, in effect, Haiti's primary birthright route. Both "Haitians of origin" and naturalized Haitians can transmit nationality by descent.

• By Registration: Haiti's framework relies less on a distinct "registration" category and more on descent/naturalization; adoption by a Haitian citizen (recognized under Haitian law) can confer nationality on a minor. There has historically been constitutional language regarding persons "of African descent" being eligible for Haitian nationality under certain conditions, though this has not been systematically implemented.

• By Naturalization: Requires 5 years of continuous legal residence in Haiti (Article 12), demonstrated integration, and application to the competent authority; expedited paths may apply for spouses of Haitian citizens.

• Dual Citizenship: The original 1987 Constitution prohibited dual nationality outright ("Dual Haitian and foreign nationality is in no case permitted"). A 2012 constitutional amendment process purported to allow dual nationality, and many sources now describe Haiti as permitting dual citizenship since 2012 — however, the legality and full implementation of the 2012 amendments have been contested, and Haiti's severe institutional instability (loss of a functioning Parliament, disrupted civil registry/ONI operations, and the 2023–2024 security crisis) has made consistent application and processing difficult. Practical treatment of dual nationality should be confirmed with current Haitian authorities or a Haitian consulate given this legal uncertainty.

• Loss of Citizenship – Voluntary: A Haitian citizen may voluntarily renounce nationality by formal declaration.

• Loss of Citizenship – Involuntary: Grounds include voluntarily acquiring a foreign nationality (historically, under the pre-2012 rule), holding political office in the service of a foreign government, and — for naturalized Haitians — maintaining continuous unauthorized residence abroad; a naturalized citizen who loses nationality this way generally cannot reacquire it except by meeting all requirements imposed on aliens generally. Citizenship obtained by fraud/misrepresentation may also be revoked (denaturalization).